Several elaboration routes are used involving low or high temperature processes and various shaping techniques.
High temperature processes
— Solid state reaction under controlled atmospheres (air, Ar, N2, H2, primary vacuum) at temperatures up to 1400°C
— Thermo-chemical treatments of gels or glasses
Low temperature processes
— ’Soft chemistry” routes such as the sol-gel process, co-precipitation or ion-exchange
— Ionic implantation in oxide matrices
— Hydrothermal synthesis ( T < 250°C )
Materials shaping
— Thin films by spin coating
— Thin films by sputtering and Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD)
— Thick films by tape casting
— Milling
— Self-organized nanoparticles thin films