Afin de développer des applications industrielles, en information et en énergie, de la physique quantique, notre équipe de physique utilise des nanotechnologies uniques pour fabriquer des dispositifs tout-solide contenant des nano-objets. Nos atomes uniques sont portés par des molécules car plus faciles à manipuler, et dont les propriétés quantiques sont adressées grâce à la spintronique.
Spintronics is a subset of Electronics in which the electron’s quantum spin property is used to drive an electrical device’s response. Historically, spintronics has explored spin-polarized transport across ‘large’ entities: thin ferromagnetic films, and more recently mesoscopic objects (e.g. skyrmions). Prototypical spintronic devices called magnetic tunnel junctions consist in ferromagnetic electrodes separated by an ultrathin insulating spacer. These devices can be downscaled to just a few nm and have been industrialized (read heads for hard drives; robust, non-volatile, ultrafast memories ; bio-inspired computing…).
We define ‘Quantum Spintronics’ as expressing the quantum properties of atoms/nanoobjects within a spintronic device’s operation. These nanoobjects are atoms, functional molecules, or even oxygen vacancies within the device’s spacer layer (e.g. a tunnel barrier).
Why do ‘quantum spintronics’? Come discover the platform’s several key advantages in crafting the quantum coherence environment of spin qubits using the solid-state physics of real-world spintronic devices, compared to established quantum technology platforms (e.g. NV- center in diamond). Since meso/macro-scale spintronics has already been industrialized, quantum spintronics represents a compelling platform to propel quantum technologies toward consumer applications.
To control the properties of quantum nanoobjects, including their coherence, our teams specializes in quantum properties that are borne by molecules, which are easier to manipulate than individual atoms when assembling a solid-state device. Research into Molecular Quantum Spintronics requires A) fundamental growth/characterization studies, for example into the emergent properties at the ferromagnetic metal/molecule interface, and B) technical advances beyond the state-of-the-art.
To do so, the team develops and operates an innovative research chain that comprises:
1) tools to grow and characterize metal/molecule heterostructures; 2) micro- and nano-technologies to make hybrid spintronic devices (partly using the STNano technological platform ); Video: how we make vertical molecular nanojunctions. 3) electrical measurements benches under external stimuli (temperature, magnetic field, light). The team also uses synchrotron radiation to probe the electronic properties of these heterostructures, and to test devices in operando .
Our several research lines implement interdisciplinary research at the interfaces between magnetism, spintronics, quantum thermodynamics, ferroic orders, molecules, oxides.
Research Activities
Multifunctional devices
Integrating functional spacers, such as the ferroelectric property of molecules, into spintronic devices is a means of achieving a multifunctional device, i.e. a device whose state (e.g. resistance) depends on a history of external stimuli (electric field, light, temperature, magnetic field, etc…). This targets Information and Communication Technologies.
Energy Harvesting
Our team is developping a new method to harvest the thermal fluctuations of ambient temperature using spintronics. Our devices integrate the paramagnetic centers of oxide and molecular compounds into spintronic devices that also comprise electrodes that select a spin channel for transport. This latter feature is accomplished using so-called spinterfaces (see below). See www.spinengine.tech for more details.
In the news
We published a first quantum theory of a two-cycle quantum spintronic engine that harvests vacuum fluctuation energy and bosonic drive energy in the form of a directed electrical current. Phys. Rev. B 109, 165432 (2024).
We call on atomic electronic physicists to help deepen our understanding of the quantum spintronic engine. npj Quantum Info. 9, 25 (2023) .
We’ve reproduced our prior observation of spontaneous electrical power output on nine molecular spintronic devices. This ‘quantum spintronic engine’ utilizes magnetic exchange coupling between phthalocyanine molecules, and its strokes can reach ~100THz. A magnetoresistance of 770% is observed — a record for molecular spintronics. Adv. Mater. 34 2206688 (2022) .
We’ve observed the robust reversibility of ferroelectricity in croconic acid molecular films. Nanoscale 13 19466 (2021)
We developed a novel nanotechnological process to study spin-polarized transport across a molecular spin chain within a solid-state device. Electrically exciting the spin chain from its quantum ground state generates a specific magnetoresistance signal. This quantum encoding of information lays the groundwork for information transmission across the spin chain. Adv. Func. Mater. 2009467 (2021). Savoir Magazine
The website www.spinengine.tech describes the concept to spintronically harvest thermal fluctuations to the academic and general publics.
We reported spontaneous electrical power generation from a single spintronic device at room temperature. In this ‘spin engine’, the thermal fluctuations of paramagnetic centers are spintronically harvested. In the process, we demonstrated that the current flowing across the ‘spinterface’ is highly spin-polarized. Commun. Phys., 2 116 (2019). CNRS News. , Unistra News. , www.spinengine.tech
We factually demonstrated that the spin crossover molecular property is involved in electrical transport, thanks to synchrotron-grade in operando experiments. ACS Appl. Mater. & Int., 10 31580 (2018). Soleil Highlight 2018.
We harnessed the chemical selectivity of synchrotron-grade X-ray absorption spectroscopy to probe the active atoms of a device in operation. Adv. Mater., 1606578 (2017) . CNRS News
We demonstrated how to electrically modulate the magnetism of the ferromagnet/molecule interface, aka the ‘spinterface’. Adv. Func. Mater., 1700259 (2017). Soleil Highlight 2017 .
We reported the simplest method to achieve a highly spin-polarized current source: create an interface between a ferromagnet and carbon atoms. Carbon 87 , 269 (2015) . CNRS News .
Quantum Nano-objects
Molecular spin chains
The formation of the spinterface can modify the electronic properties of the metal and molecule constituents. A ferromagnetic metal may see its magnetic anisotropy radically altered . A non-magnetic metal can become magnetic . The magnetization of the molecular interfacial layer can be extended into the molecular film by harnessing magnetic interactions between molecules . This allows the spinterface to stabilize the magnetization of paramagnetic spin chains borne by molecules. Here, we use planar phthalocyanine molecules with a central paramagnetic site. We are studying how to spintronically address the ground and excited states of these spin chains using molecular nanojunctions. These molecules are also used to study the spintronic harvesting of thermal fluctuations .
Spin crossover molecules
The central magnetic site of a spin crossover molecule can be switched from a low-spin to a high-spin electronic configuration using external stimuli (light, temperature, electric field…). This makes it a promising candidate to control a spintronic device’s performance. We demonstrated that this molecular functionality is factually involved in transport using a synchrotron-based operando experiment . The next step is to integrate this molecular class into spintronic nanojunctions. To do so, we are leveraging fundamental research (here and here ) on achieving spinterfaces with a noble metal surface so as to not freeze the spin crossover molecular property.
Oxygen vacancies & paramagnetic centers
Controlling oxygen vacancies in functional oxides toward next-generation electronics remains challenging. Our team is examining how oxygen vacancies in the ‘simple’ oxide MgO drive the spintronic performance of magnetic tunnel junctions. Our experimental and theoretical results indicate that single and double oxygen vacancies can explain the combination of high spintronic performance, low barrier heights and metallic conduction depending on the junction’s magnetic state. We are examining the impact of these nano-objects on spin-transfer torque, a linchpin physical effect for spintronic technologies. Filling these vacancies with C can promote paramagnetic centers, leading to spintronic energy harvesting .
Experimental Capabilities
Along the research chain: from growth & characterization to device processing to multifunctional measurements
Growth & Characterization
Hybrid multichamber cluster
Ultra-high vacuum (UHV) tool to deposit metal, molecules and oxides using sputtering and thermal evaporation. From 2025: sharp top molecule-metal interface using buffer-layer assisted growth of our top metallic electrode.
Heterostructure stacks used to make nanojunctions are grown here.
Multiprobe UHV station
Variable temperature Omicron UHV setup to perform local probe techniques (AFM, conducting AFM, MFM, PFM, STM) on surface and bilayers. Basic spinterface studies are performed here. From 2025: UHV interconnection with the ‘Hybrid’ cluster.
Spin-polarized electron reflectometry
A UHV setup to probe the spin-polarized electronic properties of single films and heterostructures. Basic spinterface studies are performed here.
Synchrotron techniques
Our team has the expertise to conduct synchrotron beamtime runs in which in-situ grown heterostructures are probed using x-Ray absorption, spin-polarized photoemission and STXM.
Device Processing
UV lithography
The team implements a resist- and solvent-based process to craft heterostructures into ~10-micron diameter pillars for magnetotransport measurements. The process is compatible with correlated oxides.
Nanobead processing
Since most molecules may degrade under exposure to solvents and resist, our team has developed a resist- and solvent-free technology that crafts entire heterostructures (thereby preserving UHV-quality interfaces) into vertical nanojunctions. This is a unique capability world-wide that we wish to collaboratively open to other teams. This is how the process works .
Multifunctional measurements
Multifunctional Bench
Our team has developed an electrical transport bench around a cryo-free cryostat with the following characteristics: T:10-350K, up to H=2T along or at an angle with the sample and the optical axis, cw and ns-pulsed lasers covering 200-2600nm; ns-resolved spectroscopic camera, ns-grade electrical signal/response.
V2TI electrical insert at Beamline DEIMOS, Synchrotron SOLEIL
Our team helped to develop an electrical insert on Beamline DEIMOS, Synchrotron SOLEIL . It is therefore possible to implement the chemical and magnetic sensitivity of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) on materials subjected to electrical polling (e.g. spinterfaces ), or even on devices in operando .
Prior Memb ers
Eric Beaurepaire, décédé en Avril 2018 . Jacek Arabski, retraite en 2020.
DJ Kim, Postdoc at U. Warwick S. Shi, postdoc at U. Linkoping R. Rakshit, Scientist at CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, India S. Javaid, Researcher at Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology JB Beaufrand, private sector F. Schleicher, engineer at IMEC H. Jabbar, professor at U. Basrah, Iraq V. Davesne, private sector M. Gruber, researcher at U. Kiel, Germany U. Halisdemir, postdoc at U. Twente, Netherlands M. Studniarek, private sector E. Urbain, private sector K. Katcko, an engineer at IMEC
B. Chowrira, engineer at IMEC
L. Kandpal, postdoc Muduli group , New Delhi
Patents
– 04/2012 : SOURCE DE COURANT POLARISEE EN SPINS , M. Bowen, W. Weber, L. Joly, E. Beaurepaire, F. Scheurer, S. Boukari, M. Alouani, FR 2012/ 12 53564 & PCT/EP2013/057804 & WO2013156441A1 .
– 04/2012 : DISPOSITIF INJECTEUR DE SPINS COMPORTANT UNE COUCHE DE PROTECTION EN SON CENTRE , M. Bowen, M. Alouani, S. Boukari, E. Beaurepaire, W. Weber, F. Scheurer, L. Joly, FR 2012/ 12 53569 & PCT/EP2013/057769 & WO2013156426A1 .
– 11/2012 : KIT DE CONNEXION D’UN COMPOSANT MICROELECTRONIQUE CONTRE DES DECHARGES ELECTROSTATIQUES LORS DE SA CONNEXION A UN DISPOSITIF CONDUCTEUR , M. Bowen, B. Leconte, D. Spor, FR 2012/12 60606 & PCT/ EP2013073174 & WO2014072347 A1 .
– 11/2012 : DISPOSITIF DE POMPAGE, COMPRENANT UN ENSEMBLE DE POMPES EN SERIES ET UN ELEMENT DE COMMUTATION COMMUN , M. Bowen, C. Kieber, S. Boukari, FR 2012/12 60672 & PCT/ EP2013073344 & WO2014072452A1 .
– 08/2014: PROCESS OF DETECTION OF LIGHT AND ASSOCIATED DEVICE , M. Bowen, U. Halisdemir, F. Schleicher, S. Boukari, E. Beaurepaire, EP14180354 & EP 2982950 A1 & WO2016020243A1 .
Recent publications :
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