Thin film oxides

Introduction

If metallic materials were largely used in the early beginning of spin electronics, it is due to oxide materials that recent progresses have been achieved. These oxides are promising for obtaining new functionalities of future sip electronics based devices.
The crystalline structure of oxides is often complex, and consequently their synthesis difficult. This complexity, however, allow the existence of interactions between spin, charge, orbital moment and crystalline lattice, which allow a large modularity of their properties. This leads to a wide research field on oxide materials both on their synthesis, for materials chemists, and applications, for physicists. Generally, research in this field area starts with the study of known compounds, their preparation in bulk and thin film single crystal form (by pulsed laser deposition or sputtering), the study of the exact origin of their properties, and the theoretical study of these properties. Finally, different ways are suggested to improve these properties. It is therefore by a back and forth between experiment and theory that new materials can be designed for the needs of future applications.
The challenges in the field of spin electronics can be classified in three main categories:
1. creation of spin polarized current
2. spin polarization conservation across the tunnel barrier
3. polarization control

Research Activities

Activite_1 New materials with strong anisotropy (one dimensional structure)
Activite_1 Control of magnetization by an electric field : room temperature ferrimagnetic thin films of the magnetoelectric Ga2-xFexO3
Activite_1 Transparent conducting oxides for photons conversion
Activite_1 Half metallic oxides allowing a total spin polarization at room temperature (LSMO : La0.7Sr0.3MnO3, SFMO : Sr2FeMoO6)
Activite_1 Rare-earth nickelates: Perovskite and infinite layer
Activite_1 Spinel thin films
Activite_1 Perovskite-based photovoltaic solar cells

Current projects :

Activite_1 Magnetoelectric oxides for spin-orbitronics​
Activite_1 FOXIES
Activite_1 Infinite-Cell​
Activite_1 Laboratoire Commun de Recherche “MOLIERE”​

Team Members :

PhD student in co-supervision, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI)wissal.belayachi@gmail.com
Phone: +33(0)3 88 10 71 34Office: 2014
Professor, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI)Silviu.Colis@ipcms.unistra.fr
Phone: +33(0)3 88 10 71 29Office: 2009
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Professor, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI)Aziz.Dinia@ipcms.unistra.fr
Phone: +33(0)3 88 10 70 67Office: 1022
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PhD student, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI)lamiae.elkhabchi@ipcms.unistra.fr
Phone: /Office: 2011
Postdoctoral fellow, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI)himanshi.gupta@ipcms.unistra.fr
Phone: +33(0)3 88 10 71 27Office: 2006
PhD student, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI), Organic Materials (DMO)xavier.henning@ipcms.unistra.fr
Phone: +33(0)3 88 10 70 43Office: 0049
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PhD student, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI)guillaume.krieger@ipcms.unistra.fr
Phone: +33(0)3 88 10 71 27Office: 2006
Researcher, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI)Christophe.Lefevre@ipcms.unistra.fr
Phone: +33(0)3 88 10 71 28Office: 2008
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PhD student, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI)antonio.penacorredor@ipcms.unistra.fr
Phone: +33(0)3 88 10 71 27Office: 2006
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Researcher, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI)Daniele.Preziosi@ipcms.unistra.fr
Phone: +33(0)3 88 10 71 30Office: 2015
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Assistant professor, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI)Francois.Roulland@ipcms.unistra.fr
Phone: +33(0)3 88 10 71 33Office: 2013
Postdoctoral fellow, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI)hoshang.sahib@ipcms.unistra.fr
Phone: +33(0)3 88 10 71 27Office: 2006
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PhD student, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI)mariajose.vazquez@ipcms.unistra.fr
Phone: /Office: 1018a
Professor, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI)Nathalie.Viart@ipcms.unistra.fr
Phone: +33(0)3 88 10 72 59Office: 2009
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PhD student, Inorganic Materials Chemistry (DCMI)laurianne.wendling@ipcms.unistra.fr
Phone: +33(0)3 88 10 71 27Office: 2006

Former Members

Who are they, what did they work on? Follow the link

Experimental Methods

• Elaboration
PLD Pulsed Laser Deposition
PLD Sputtering
• Characterization
RX X-rays diffraction
VSM Magnetic measurements
VSM Ferro Testeur
VSM scanning Electron microscopy (SEM)
MET transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
• Grands instruments
ESRF ESRF (D2am, ID32)
ESRF Soleil (Diffabs, Cristal, Deimos)

Recent Publications :

[1]
B. Freis, M.D.L.Á. Ramírez, S. Furgiuele, F. Journe, C. Cheignon, L.J. Charbonnière, C. Henoumont, C. Kiefer, D. Mertz, C. Affolter-Zbaraszczuk, F. Meyer, S. Saussez, S. Laurent, M. Tasso, S. Bégin-Colin, Bioconjugation studies of an EGF-R targeting ligand on dendronized iron oxide nanoparticles to target head and neck cancer cells, International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 635 (2023) 122654. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122654.
[1]
P. Garcia-Munoz, F. Fresno, C. Lefèvre, D. Robert, N. Keller, Influence of the solid titanium source on the activity of La1_xTixFeO3 photo-CWPO catalysts under UV-A light, Catalysis Today. 413–415 (2023) 113974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2022.12.005.
[1]
G. Krieger, A. Raji, L. Schlur, G. Versini, C. Bouillet, M. Lenertz, J. Robert, A. Gloter, N. Viart, D. Preziosi, Synthesis of infinite-layer nickelates and influence of the capping-layer on magnetotransport, Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics. 56 (2023) 024003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aca54a.
[1]
E. Martin, S. Grenier, S. Barre, G. Versini, N. Blanc, N. Boudet, F. Roulland, G. Pourroy, N. Viart, C. Lefevre, Deleterious effect of rare earth elements substitution on the auxetic behavior of CoFe2O4 thin films, Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 935 (2023) 168082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.168082.
[1]
A. Pena Corredor, N. Viart, C. Lefèvre, inserexs: reflection choice software for resonant elastic X-ray scattering., Journal of Applied Crystallography. 56 (2023) 854–859. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576723002212.
[1]
R. Sharma, H. Gupta, F. Singh, J.M.S. Rana, N. Hothi, B. Priya, T. Kumar, D.P. Singh, A.S. Verma, R. Gupta, Effects of 300 keV N+ Ion Irradiation on Radio-Frequency Sputtered Al-ZnO Thin Films for a Low Energy Regime, ECS JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 12 (2023) 073001. https://doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/ace079.
[1]
R. Vollondat, D. Stoeffler, D. Preziosi, S. Roques, A. Slaoui, T. Fix, Tunability of silicon clathrate film properties by controlled guest-occupation of their cages., Journal of Chemical Physics. 158 (2023) 164709. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0143828.
[1]
A. Anadon, E. Martin, S. Homkar, B. Meunier, M. Verges, H. Damas, J. Alegre, C. Lefèvre, F. Roulland, C. Dubs, M. Lindner, L. Pasquier, O. Copie, K. Dumesnil, R. Ramos, D. Preziosi, S. Petit-Watelot, N. Viart, J.-C. Rojas-Sanchez, Thermal Spin-Current Generation in the Multifunctional Ferrimagnet Ga0.6Fe1.4O3, Physical Review Applied. 18 (2022) 054087. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.18.054087.
[1]
W. Belayachi, G. Ferblantier, T. Fix, G. Schmerber, J.-L. Rehspringer, T. Heiser, A. Slaoui, M. Abd-Lefdil, A. Dinia, SnO2 Films Elaborated by Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering as Potential Transparent Conducting Oxides Alternative for Organic Solar Cells, ACS Applied Energy Materials. 5 (2022) 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c02711.
[1]
S. Bouzida, M. Battas, E.B. Benamar, G. Schmerber, A. Dinia, M. Abd-Lefdil, M. Regragui, Effect of volume of the solution and sulfurization on properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films fabricated by spray assisted chemical vapour deposition method, Materials Research Innovations. 26 (2022) 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/14328917.2021.1904627.
[1]
Y. Chen, M. D’Antuono, N.B. Brookes, G.M. De Luca, R. Di Capua, E. Di Gennaro, G. Ghiringhelli, C. Piamonteze, D. Preziosi, B. Jouault, M. Cabero, J.M. Gonzalez-Calbet, C. Leon, J. Santamaria, A. Sambri, D. Stornaiuolo, M. Salluzzo, Ferromagnetic Quasi-Two-Dimensional Electron Gas with Trigonal Crystal Field Splitting, ACS Applied Electronic Materials. 4 (2022) 3226–3231. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.2c00447.
[1]
A.P. Corredor, L. Wendling, D. Preziosi, L. Schlur, C. Leuvrey, D. Thiaudiere, E. Elklaim, N. Blanc, S. Grenier, F. Roulland, N. Viart, C. Lefèvre, Oxygen crystallographic positions in thin films by non-destructive resonant elastic X-ray scattering, Journal of Applied Crystallography. 55 (2022) 526–532. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576722003673.
[1]
A. Demchenko, S. Homkar, C. Bouillet, C.T. Lefèvre, F. Roulland, D. Preziosi, G. Versini, C. Leuvrey, P. Boullay, X. Devaux, N. Viart, Unveiling unconventional ferroelectric switching in multiferroic Ga-0.6 Fe1.4O3 thin films through multiscale electron microscopy investigations, Acta Materialia. 240 (2022) 118337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118337.
[1]
R. Di Capua, M. Verma, M. Radovic, V.N. Strocov, C. Piamonteze, E.B. Guedes, N.C. Plumb, Y. Chen, M. D’Antuono, G.M. De Luca, E. Di Gennaro, D. Stornaiuolo, D. Preziosi, B. Jouault, F.M. Granozio, A. Sambri, R. Pentcheva, G. Ghiringhelli, M. Salluzzo, Orbital selective switching of ferromagnetism in an oxide quasi two-dimensional electron gas, NPJ Quantum Materials. 7 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41535-022-00448-4.
[1]
V. Humbert, R. El Hage, G. Krieger, G. Sanchez-Santolino, A. Sander, S. Collin, J. Trastoy, J. Briatico, J. Santamaria, D. Preziosi, J.E. Villegas, An Oxygen Vacancy Memristor Ruled by Electron Correlations, Advanced Science. 9 (2022) 2201753. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202201753.
[1]
G. Krieger, L. Martinelli, S. Zeng, L.E. Chow, K. Kummer, R. Arpaia, M. Moretti Sala, N.B. Brookes, A. Ariando, N. Viart, M. Salluzzo, G. Ghiringhelli, D. Preziosi, Charge and Spin Order Dichotomy in $\mathrmNdNiO_2$ Driven by the Capping Layer, Physical Review Letters. 129 (2022) 027002. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.027002.
[1]
B. Meunier, S. Homkar, F. Choueikani, M.G. Silly, C. Lefèvre, F. Roulland, C. Leuvrey, J. Robert, D. Preziosi, N. Viart, Nonmonotonous temperature fluctuations of the orbital moment and spin-orbit coupling in multiferroic gallium ferrite thin films, Physical Review B. 106 (2022) 184410. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.106.184410.
[1]
Y. Qiu, X. Zhang, C. Usubelli, D. Mayer, C. Linder, J. Christensen, Understanding thermal and mechanical effects on lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources. 541 (2022) 231632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231632.
[1]
F. Roulland, G. Roseau, A.P. Corredor, L. Wendling, G. Krieger, C. Lefèvre, M. Trassin, G. Pourroy, N. Viart, Promoting the magnetic exchanges in PLD deposited strained films of FeV2O4 thin films, Materials Chemistry and Physics. 276 (2022) 125360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.125360.
[1]
K. Sartori, D. Ihiawakrim, C. Lefèvre, S. Reguer, C. Mocuta, S. Bégin-Colin, F. Choueikani, B.P. Pichon, A detailed investigation of the core@shell structure of exchanged coupled magnetic nanoparticles after performing solvent annealing, Materials Advances. Early access (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ma00629d.
[1]
E. Soszka, M. Jedrzejczyk, C. Lefèvre, D. Ihiawakrim, N. Keller, A.M. Ruppert, TiO2-supported Co catalysts for the hydrogenation of gamma-valerolactone to 2-methyltetrahydrofuran: influence of the support, Catalysis Science & Technology. Early Access (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cy01044e.
[1]
I. Anefnaf, S. Aazou, G. Schmerber, A. Dinia, Z. Sekkat, Tailoring PEIE capped ZnO binary cathode for solution-processed inverted organic solar cells, Optical Materials. 116 (2021) 111070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111070.
[1]
M.M. Besli, C. Usubelli, A. Subbaraman, F.R.P. Safaei, S. Bone, C. Johnston, G. Schneider, F. Beauchaud, N. Ravi, J. Christensen, M.M. Doeff, M. Metzger, S. Kuppan, Location-Dependent Cobalt Deposition in Smartphone Cells upon Long-Term Fast-Charging Visualized by Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence, Chemistry of Materials. 33 (2021) 6318–6328. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c00847.
[1]
M.T. Camci, M. Pauly, C. Lefèvre, C. Bouillet, M. Maaloum, G. Decher, D. Martel, Polarization-dependent optical band gap energy of aligned semiconducting titanium oxide nanowire deposits, Nanoscale. 13 (2021) 8958–8965. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1nr01236c.
[1]
R. Di Capua, M. Verma, M. Radovic, N.C. Plumb, J.H. Dil, E.B. Guedes, G.M. De Luca, D. Preziosi, Z. Wang, A.P. Weber, R. Pentcheva, M. Salluzzo, Z. Ristie, Two-dimensional electron gas at the (001) surface of ferromagnetic EuTiO3, Physical Review Research. 3 (2021) L042038. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.3.L042038.
[1]
S. Homkar, E. Martin, B. Meunier, A. Anadon-Barcelona, C. Bouillet, J. Gorchon, K. Dumesnil, C. Lefèvre, F. Roulland, O. Copie, D. Preziosi, S. Petit-Watelot, J.-C. Rojas-Sanchez, N. Viart, Spin Current Transport in Hybrid Pt/Multifunctional Magnetoelectric Ga0.6Fe1.4O3 Bilayers, ACS Applied Electronic Materials. 3 (2021) 4433–4440. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.1c00586.
[1]
N. Kharouf, D. Mancino, J. Zghal, S. Helle, H. Jmal, M. Lenertz, N. Viart, N. Bahlouli, F. Meyer, Y. Haikel, V. Ball, Dual role of tannic acid and pyrogallol incorporated in plaster of Paris: Morphology modification and release for antimicrobial properties, Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications. 127 (2021) 112209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2021.112209.
[1]
H.T. Kim, S.-Y. Lee, A. Slaoui, A. Dinia, H.J. Jeon, C. Park, Properties of Yb-added ZnO (Yb:ZnO) films as an energy-conversion layer on polycrystalline silicon solar cells, Materials Chemistry and Physics. 265 (2021) 124513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124513.
[1]
D. Preziosi, S. Homkar, C. Lefèvre, M. Salluzzo, N. Viart, Unusual anisotropic magnetic orbital moment obtained from x-ray magnetic circular dichroism in a multiferroic oxide system, Physical Review B. 103 (2021) 184420. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.103.184420.
[1]
I. Anefnaf, S. Aazou, G. Schmerber, S. Refki, N. Zimmermann, T. Heiser, G. Ferblantier, A. Slaoui, A. Dinia, M. Abd-Lefdil, Z. Sekkat, Polyethylenimine-Ethoxylated Interfacial Layer for Efficient Electron Collection in SnO2-Based Inverted Organic Solar Cells, Crystals. 10 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10090731.
[1]
I. Anefnaf, S. Aazou, G. Schmerber, A. Dinia, Z. Sekkat, Study the effect of fullerene derivatives ratio on P3HT-based inverted organic solar cells, in: Z.H. Kafafi, P.A. Lane, K. Lee, H.W. Ade, Y.-L. (Lynn) Loo (Eds.), Organic, Hybrid, and Perovskite Photovoltaics XXI, SPIE, 2020: pp. 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2568790.
[1]
M.M. Besli, C. Usubelli, M. Metzger, V. Pande, K. Harry, D. Nordlund, S. Sainio, J. Christensen, M.M. Doeff, S. Kuppan, Effect of Liquid Electrolyte Soaking on the Interfacial Resistance of Li7La3Zr2O12 for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 12 (2020) 20605–20612. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c06194.
[1]
X. Chen, M. Boero, O. Lopez-Acevedo, Atomic structure and origin of chirality of DNA-stabilized silver clusters, Physical Review Materials. 4 (2020) 065601. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.4.065601.
[1]
G. Cotin, F. Perton, C. Petit, S. Sall, C. Kiefer, V. Begin, B. Pichon, C. Lefèvre, D. Mertz, J.-M. Greneche, S. Bégin-Colin, Harnessing Composition of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle: Impact of Solvent-Mediated Ligand-Ligand Interaction and Competition between Oxidation and Growth Kinetics, Chemistry of Materials. 32 (2020) 9245–9259. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03041.
[1]
M. Darcheville, A.-L. Adenot-Engelvin, C. Boscher, N. Vukadinovic, C. Lefèvre, A. Thiaville, C. Sanchez, Evidence of the Superparamagnetic State in the Zero-Field Microwave Susceptibility Spectra of Ferrimagnetic Nanoparticles, IEEE Magnetics Letters. 11 (2020) 6105305. https://doi.org/10.1109/LMAG.2020.3026228.
[1]
P. Dunne, C. Fowley, G. Hlawacek, J. Kurian, G. Atcheson, S. Colis, N. Teichert, B. Kundys, M. Venkatesan, J. Lindner, A.M. Deac, T.M. Hermans, J.M.D. Coey, B. Doudin, Helium Ion Microscopy for Reduced Spin Orbit Torque Switching Currents, Nano Letters. 20 (2020) 7036–7042. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02060.
[1]
A. El Hat, I. Chaki, R. Essajai, A. Mzerd, G. Schmerber, M. Regragui, A. Belayachi, Z. Sekkat, A. Dinia, A. Slaoui, M. Abd-Lefdil, Growth and Characterization of (Tb,Yb) Co-Doping Sprayed ZnO Thin Films, Crystals. 10 (2020) 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10030169.
[1]
P. Garcia-Munoz, F. Fresno, C. Lefèvre, D. Robert, N. Keller, Highly robust La1-xTixFeO3 dual catalyst with combined photocatalytic and photo-CWPO activity under visible light for 4-chlorophenol removal in Chock for water, Applied Catalysis B-Environmental. 262 (2020) 118310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118310.
[1]
P. Garcia-Munoz, F. Fresno, C. Lefèvre, D. Robert, N. Keller, Synergy effect between photocatalysis and heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalysis on Ti-doped LaFeO3 perovskite for high efficiency light-assisted water treatment, Catalysis Science & Technology. 10 (2020) 1299–1310. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cy02269d.
[1]
P. Garcia-Munoz, F. Fresno, C. Lefèvre, D. Robert, N. Keller, Ti- -Modified LaFeO3/beta-SiC Alveolar Foams as Immobilized Dual Catalysts with Combined Photo-Fenton and Photocatalytic Activity, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 12 (2020) 57025–57037. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c16647.
[1]
C. Greboval, U.N. Noumbe, A. Chu, Y. Prado, A. Khalili, C. Dabard, T.H. Dang, S. Colis, J. Chaste, A. Ouerghi, J.-F. Dayen, E. Lhuillier, Gate tunable vertical geometry phototransistor based on infrared HgTe nanocrystals, Applied Physics Letters. 117 (2020) 251104. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0032622.
[1]
K.W. Kimura, R. Wilhelm, M.M. Besli, S. Kim, C. Usubelli, J.C. Ziegler, R. Klein, J. Christensen, Y. Gorlin, Interrelationship Between the Open Circuit Potential Curves in a Class of Ni-Rich Cathode Materials, Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 167 (2020) 040510. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab739c.
[1]
E. Martin, F. Roulland, S. Grenier, F. Appert, J. Juraszek, M. Trassin, C. Bouillet, E. Chikoidze, C. Arnold, B. Berini, Y. Dumont, S. Colis, S. Barre, G. Versini, D. Preziosi, C. Leuvrey, N. Blanc, N. Boudet, G. Pourroy, N. Viart, C. Lefèvre, Non-auxeticiauxetic transitions inducing modifications of the magnetic anisotropy in CoFe2O4 thin films, Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 836 (2020) 155425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155425.
[1]
G. Mathiazhagan, L. Wagner, S. Bogati, K.Y. Unal, D. Bogachuk, T. Kroyer, S. Mastroianni, A. Hinsch, Double-Mesoscopic Hole-Transport-Material-Free Perovskite Solar Cells: Overcoming Charge-Transport Limitation by Sputtered Ultrathin Al2O3 Isolating Layer, ACS Applied Nano Materials. 3 (2020) 2463–2471. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b02563.
[1]
Y. Park, G. Ferblantier, A. Slaoui, A. Dinia, H. Park, S. Alhammadi, W.K. Kim, Yb-doped zinc tin oxide thin film and its application solar cells to Cu(InGa)Se-2 solar cells, Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 815 (2020) 152360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152360.
[1]
V. Roge, J. Didierjean, J. Crepelliere, D. Arl, M. Michel, I. Fechete, A. Dinia, D. Lenoble, Tuneable Functionalization of Glass Fibre Membranes with ZnO/SnO(2)Heterostructures for Photocatalytic Water Treatment: Effect of SnO(2)Coverage Rate on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Organics, Catalysts. 10 (2020) 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10070733.
[1]
C. Usubelli, M.M. Besli, S. Kuppan, N. Jiang, M. Metzger, A. Dinia, J. Christensen, Y. Gorlin, Understanding the Overlithiation Properties of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 Using Electrochemistry and Depth-Resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 167 (2020) 080514. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab8a9d.